Andrew Jackson

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Andrew Jackson
image of dbking to LayfayetteAndrew Jackson Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767-8 June 1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), first governor of Florida (1821), General of the Battle of New Orleans (1815), co-founder of the Democratic Party, and ‘eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy. He was a polarizing figure, the design of the second-party system in American politics in the 1820s and 1830.Surnommé “Old Hickory” because he helped known for his toughness, Jackson was the first president primarily associated in the U.S. limit (although born in South Carolina, he spent most of his life in Tennessee.) Jackson was born in a backwoods settlement of Presbyterian Scots-Irish immigrants in Lancaster County, South Carolina, 15 März in 1767. He was the youngest of three brothers, was born a few weeks after the death of his father. Both North Carolina and South Carolina have claimed Jackson as a “native son”, because the community straddled the state line, and a cousin later claimed that Jackson was born on the side of North Carolina. Jackson has always said he. In a hut on the side of South Carolina, a fact that historians agree, was probably born because he kept the memories of his mother and other members of the immediate family He received a sporadic education. At thirteen, he joined the Continental Army as a courier. He was captured and imprisoned by the British during the American Revolutionary War. Jackson was the last U.S. president who was a veteran of the American Revolution have, and the only president to have been a prisoner of war. The war cost the lives of all immediate family of Jackson. Andrew Jackson and his brother Robert were captured, and they almost starved to death. When Andrew refused to clean the boots of a British officer, the irate redcoat reduced him, giving him scars on his left hand and head, as well as an intense hatred for the British. Two of them smallpox while imprisoned, and Robert died a few days after their release. Furthermore, another brother of Michael Jackson and his mother his whole family died balance difficulties in wartime Jackson also criticized the British. This anglophobia to inspire distrust and dislike of “aristocrats” of the East, to promote Jackson as inclined to imitate their former colonial “masters.” Jackson admired Napoleon Bonaparte for his willingness to military dominance to britannique.Jackson Tennessee came to challenge in 1787. Although he hardly studied law, he found that he knew enough to be a young lawyer on the frontier. Since it was not from a distinguished family, he had his career by his own merits to take, and soon he began to prosper in the rough-and-tumble world of the right border. Most stocks rose on disputed land claims, or assault and battery. He was elected as the first congressman from Tennessee, during his speech in the late 1790s and quickly became a U.S. Senator in 1797, but he came within a year. In 1798 he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee.Jackson colonel of the militia of Tennessee, where he had lived since the beginning of his military career in 1801. In 1813, Northern Creek Band leader Peter McQueen 400 men, women and children at Fort Mims massacre (in present-day Alabama). Jackson commanded the campaign against the Creek Indians of North Alabama and Georgia, also known as “Red Sticks.” Creek leaders such as William Weatherford (Red Eagle), Peter McQueen and Menawa, the allies of the British during the War of 1812, were violently clashed with other chiefs of the Creek nation on white intervention in Creek lands and “civilization” programs by U.S. agents Benjamin Hawkins Indian administered. In the Creek War, a theater of the War of 1812, Jackson defeated the Red Stick Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Jackson was by members of the Southern Indian Creek band to ask the help of Jackson, they had the “rebellious” Red Sticks as wanted, and some Cherokee Indians, who also favors one side with Americans. 800 North Creek Band “Red Sticks” Indians were killed in the battle. Jackson spared Weatherford’s life from any act of revenge. Sam Houston and David Crockett, who would become famous later in Texas, served under Jackson at this time. After the victory, Jackson led the Treaty of Fort Jackson his two opponents from the Northern and Southern Creek allies draw 20 million acres (81,000 km ²), all streams of colonization blanche.Le Service Jackson in the War of 1812 was remarkable for his bravery and success . He was a strict officer but was popular with his troops. It was said he was “tough as old hickory” wood on the battlefield, giving it its nickname. War, particularly his command at the Battle of New Orleans 8 January 1815, made his national reputation. He stepped to the rank of major general. In the battle against 6,000 militiamen Jackson behind barricades of cotton 12,000 British regulars marching across an open field led by General Edward Pakenham. The battle was a total American victory. The British had killed more than 2,000 wounded and eight wounded Jackson 58 disparus.Jackson or served in the military again during the First Seminole War, when he ordered by President James Monroe in December 1817 [to lead campaign in Georgia against the Seminole and Creek Indians . Jackson was also not charged with preventing Spanish Florida from becoming a haven for runaway slaves. Critics later alleged that Jackson exceeded orders in his Florida actions, but Monroe and the public wanted Florida. Before going, Jackson wrote to Monroe. “Let it be known me about any channel … that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be achieved,” Monroe gave Jackson orders that intentionally ambiguous were sufficient for international denials. Jackson Tennessee volunteers were attacked by Seminoles, but left their villages vulnerable, and Jackson burned them and their cultures. He found that the letters, the Spanish and British were shown “secret” to the Indians. Jackson believed that the United States not “safe” as long as Spain and the United Kingdom encouraged Indians to fight and argued that his actions were taken in “self-defense”. Jackson captured Pensacola, Florida, with little more than some warning shots, and put the Spanish governor. He tried, then taken illegally captured and executed two British subjects, Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot, who had provided and advise the Indians. Jackson’s action also struck fear into the Seminole tribes as word spread of his cruelty bataille.Cela also created an international incident, and many in the Monroe administration called for Jackson to be censured. However, the actions of Jackson of State John Quincy Adams had defended. When the Spanish minister a “just punishment” for Jackson demanded, Adams said, “Spain must immediately [decide] either to a force in Florida adequate at once to the protection of her territory … or give the United States a province, of which she retains nothing but the nominal possession, but which is in fact … a position of trouble for them. “Adams used Jackson’s conquest, and Spain’s own” weaknesses “, the Spanish (in the Adams-Onis Treaty ) to Florida to convince cede to the United States. Jackson was appointed governor of the territory. In his first race for the presidency in 1824, Jackson received a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes. no candidate received a majority, the decision of the election to the House, as the selected John Quincy Adams. Jackson denounced as a “corrupt bargain” because Henry Clay gave his votes to Adams, who then made Clay Secretary of State. Jackson later called for the abolition of the Electoral College. Jackson’s defeat burnished his political credentials, however, since many voters believed was the “man of the people” have been robbed by the “corrupt aristocrats of the East.” An enemy of Jackson, Albert Gallatin, who was a candidate for the vice-presidency in 1824 saw Jackson as “an honest man and the idol worshipers of military glory, but from incapacity, military habits, and habitual disregard of laws and constitutional provisions in order.’s unfit for office “According to Daniel Webster, a meeting with Webster, Thomas Jefferson Jackson retired in December 1824.” I feel much alarmed at the prospect of me, General Jackson is president of one of the men I know unworthy of such a place . He little respect for laws or constitutions had, and is in fact, a military leader who. His passions are terrible., when I was President of the Senate, he was a senator, and he was never able to because of the audacity to speak of his feelings. saw I try it several times, and as often choke with rage. His passions are no doubt cooler now, there has been much tried since I knew him, but he is a dangerous man. ” Jackson has teamed up with John C. Calhoun, together they built a coalition that defeated the re-election of John Quincy Adams in 1828. His followers were called “Jackson men.” Jackson for the launch of the “spoils system” or “patronage” in American politics is credited. The term “spoils system” was introduced in 1832 by Senator William L. Marcy New York who. Proclaimed, “To the victor belong the spoils” “Although Jackson had significantly fewer employees than most of his contemporaries imagined and although it does not come out of the spoils system, he brought more radical changes in the federal bureaucracy, which had none of his predecessors. What is more important is that it defends these changes as a positive good. Currently, as the use of political patronage is usually an obstacle for the proper management considered, it should be noted that Jackson and his supporters always described rotation in public when his “reform.” In this sense, the loot system is more than one way to reward friends of Michael Jackson and punish his enemies, he was also an evacuation device consisted of public representatives of minority political groups that Jackson had it , was their long-term. “damaged As President, Jackson worked to take away the federal charter of the Second Bank of the United States (it would continue to exist as a state-owned bank). The second bank was not permitted during the term of James Madison in 1816 for a period of 20 years. Jackson against the national bank concept on ideological grounds. In his veto message to Jackson, the bank needed to be abolished because: It exposed to an excessive amount of the financial strength of the nation institutionil concentrated in the government by “foreign interests” they control exercised too much control over members Congrèselle favored the northern states the South and the country occidentauxJackson followed Jefferson as a supporter of the ideal of an “agricultural republic” and felt the Bank improved the fortunes of an “inner circle” trade and industry at the expense of farmers and laborers entrepreneurs. After a titanic struggle succeeded Jackson in destroying the Bank by the veto of his 1832 re-charter by Congress and withdrawals from the United States in 1833. The functions of money from the bank loans were the legions of local and state banks that have arisen fuel an expansion of credit and speculation, the commercial development of the nation’s economy significantly dented by failures in résultent.Le U.S. Senate censured Jackson 27 . March 1834 for his actions in defunding the Bank of the United States, censorship was cleared when the Jacksonians had a majority in Sénat.Andrew bill.Another Jackson is shown in the figure heavy crisis in the United States during the term of office of Jackson was the “crisis of cancellation” or “secession crisis” of 1828-1832, which merged issues of sectional conflict with disagreements over tariffs. Critics claim that high tariffs (the “Tariff of Abominations”) made on imports of common manufactured goods in Europe this made more expensive than that of the United States of North goods, causing prices of the farmers paid southern politicians in the Southern United States therefore argued that industrial tariffs are from the north to the detriment of farmers benefited south.The problem climax when Vice President John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina exhibition and demonstration of 1828, supported the request of the State of South Carolina, he was entitled to “neutralize” be declared unlawful, the tariff legislation of 1828, and more generally the right of a State, any federal law that went against its interests naught. Although Jackson sympathized with the South in the tariff debate, he was also a strong supporter of a strong union, with significant powers to the central government. Jackson tried Calhoun obscured the question that developed into a bitter rivalry between the two men. Particularly famous was an incident on 13 April 1829 Jefferson Day dinner, involving. Toasts after dinner Jackson rose first and booming voice, crying in Calhoun, shouted: “Our federal Union: It must be preserved”, a clear challenge to Calhoun saw Jackson and cried with a trembling voice, but also booming. “The Union: Next to our LIBERTY, expensive” In response to the threat of South Carolina, the Congress passed a “bill of force” in 1833, and Jackson promised to send troops to South Carolina to enforce the laws. In December 1832, he issued a resounding proclamation against the “Nullifiers” said: “I consider … the power to declare a law of the United States null and void, adopted by a State, incompatible with the existence of the Union, specifically with the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, not with every principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed refuted. “explains [Edit] Carolina south, the president, was on” the brink of insurrection and treason, “[citation needed], and he appealed to the people of the State to affirm their loyalty to the Union, their ancestors fought for. Jackson also denied the right of secession: “The Constitution … forms a government not a league …. The fact that any State may at will withdraw from the Union is to say that the United States is not a nation.” Crisis solved was when Jackson sent warships to Charleston, South Carolina and executed by the bill Congress acts of violence. Be gradually reduced until 1842.Peut prices the most controversial of President Andrew Jackson appearance was his policy regarding American Indians. Jackson was a leading advocate of the so-called “Indian Removal policy,” the signing of the Indian Removal Act into law in 1830. The law is not kidnap the withdrawal of all American Indians, it authorized the President to negotiate treaties to buy tribal lands in the east in exchange for land to the west, outside the boundaries of existing states. According to biographer Robert V. Remini, Jackson promoted to see this policy primarily for reasons of national security, that Britain and Spain had the Indians within the boundaries of the United States recruited in previous wars with the United States. According to historian Anthony Wallace, Jackson. never publicly advocated forcibly removing Indians Instead, Jackson will negotiate treaties priority: nearly seventy Indian treaties were ratified many sales country during his presidency, more than other administration.La Abduction Act was especially popular in the South, where population growth and the discovery of gold on Cherokee land had increased pressure on tribal lands. State of Georgia became involved in a conflict of contentious jurisdiction with the Cherokees that their laws governed culminating in the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1832 (Worcester v. Georgia), which means that Georgia does not impose on the Cherokee tribal lands. ! “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him not,” in this case, Jackson is often quoted to have said, Jackson probably never said the popular story that Jackson defied the Supreme Court in the performance of the Indian Removal faux. Au Instead, Jackson used the Georgia crisis to pressure Cherokee leaders to sign a treaty on the withdrawal. a faction of the Cherokees from former ally Major Ridge Jackson led negotiated the Treaty of New Echota with Jackson administration, a document of dubious legality which was rejected by most Cherokees. However, the terms of the agreement were strictly enforced at Jackson’s successor, Martin Van Buren, which led to the deaths of thousands of the Cherokees along the “Trail of Tears”. In total, more than 45,000 Indians have been transferred to the West during Jackson administration. Meanwhile, the administration has bought about 100 million acres of Indian land as million and 32 million acres of land in the West. Although the resettlement process was generally popular with the American people at the time, gave rise to much suffering and death in American Indians. Jackson was criticized at the time for his role in these events, and the criticism has grown over the years. Robert Remini characterizes the Indian Removal era as “one of the saddest chapters in American history.” On 30 January 1835 an unsuccessful attack took place in the capital of the United States, it was made the first assassination attempt on a U.S. president. A Richard Lawrence approached Jackson and fired two guns, two of which failed. Lawrence was later found to the major presidential candidates has mentaux.Les be sick: Was the first and only president today at debt nationSigné Indian Removal Act 1830Renouvellement eliminate vetoed the Second Bank of the United States (1832) Bill signed Air Force 1833Executive Sort by: Around Cash (1836) (1844/1845) Jackson met Rachel after her first husband, Colonel Lewis Robards, let her get a divorce. They fell in love and got married. Robards returned two years later without ever get a divorce. Rachel quickly divorced her first husband and married Jackson. It remains a sore point for Jackson, who very angry attacks on the honor of his wife. Jackson fought 103 duels, many nominally in honor of his wife. Was Charles Dickinson, the only man Jackson ever killed in a duel driven mad by Jackson Jackson’s political opponents. Nominally a controversial debt horse racing and an insult to his wife 30 May 1806, Dickinson shot Jackson in the ribs before Jackson returned the fatal shot. The bullet that struck Jackson was so close to his heart that it will never be safely removed. Jackson was so frequently in duels that it said he “rattled like a bag of marbles.” Was wounded. Sometimes he would cough up blood, and he experienced considerable pain from his wounds for the rest of his vie.Rachel died of unknown causes, two months before Jackson took office as President. Jackson blamed John Quincy Adams for Rachel’s death because the marital scandal was raised during the 1828 election. He felt that this had hastened her death and never forgave Adams.Jackson had two adopted son, Andrew Jackson Jr., the son of Rachel’s brother Severn Donelson, and Lyncoya, a Creek Indian orphan adopted by Jackson after the Creek War. Lyncoya died in 1828 at the age of 16, probably of pneumonia or tuberculose.The Jacksons also acted as guardians for eight other children. John Samuel Donelson, Daniel Donelson and Andrew Jackson Donelson were the son of Rachel’s brother Samuel Donelson, who died in 1804. Andrew Jackson Hutchings was orphaned nephew of Rachel. Caroline Butler, Eliza Butler, Edward Butler, and Anthony Butler were the orphaned children of Edward Butler, a family friend. They came to live to serve with the Jacksons after the death of her widowed père.Le Jackson invited Rachel’s niece Emily Donelson than the White House hostess and unofficial First Lady. Emily was Andrew Jackson Donelson, who acted as private secretary married Jackson. The relationship between the President and Emily became cloudy during the Petticoat affair, and the two have been separated for over a year. They eventually reconciled and she took her duties as hostess of the White House. Sarah Yorke Jackson, the wife of Andrew Jackson Jr., became co-hostess of the White House in 1834. It was the only time in history when two women simultaneously acted as unofficial First Lady. Sarah took over all hostess duties after Emily died from tuberculosis in 1836.Jackson remained influential in politics at the national and state after the departure of “The Hermitage”, from his home in Nashville in 1837. Though a slave-holder, Jackson was a firm advocate of the federal union of states, and declined to give any support to talk sécession.Jackson was a slender figure at 6 feet, 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighs between 130 and 140 pounds (64 kg) on ​​average. Jackson also had an unruly shock of red hair, he was completely out of the current president at the age of 61 had grayed. He penetrate deep blue eyes. Jackson was one of the sickest presidents, suffering from chronic headaches, abdominal pain, cough, and often brought blood and sometimes made his whole body shake. After retiring to Nashville, he enjoyed eight years retirement and died at The Hermitage 8 June 1845 at the age of 78, of chronic tuberculosis, “dropsy” and heart failure. His last words were: “.. Oh, do not cry Be good children, and we all meet in heaven” In his will, Jackson left his entire estate to his adopted son, Andrew Jackson Jr., except for those specifically mentioned, have been left with other friends and family members. Jackson left several slaves to his daughter and mother-grandchildren. Jackson left a sword to his little son, with the injunction, “it will always be used for the defense of our glorious Union.” Monuments Jackson a set of three identical equestrian statues located in different parts of countries. One is in Jackson Square in New Orleans, Louisiana. Another is in Nashville for the Tennessee State Capitol. The other is in Washington, DC near the White House. Jackson Square are named counties and cities in New Orleans.Numerous after him, including Jacksonville, Florida, Jackson, Michigan, Jackson, Mississippi, Jackson, Tennessee, Jackson County, Florida, and Jackson County, Jackson appears on the ticket of Missouri.Portrait a twenty dollar. He appeared on, and 000 bills in the past and a confederate, 000 project loi.L image of Jackson on the stamp BlackjackL ‘story of Andrew and Rachel Jackson’s life together in the best-selling novel by Irving Stone 1951 Lady of the President, in was the 1953 film was made with the same title, told with Susan Hayward, Charlton. Heston, John McIntire, and Carl Betz and directed by Henry Levin, the relationship between the two was also the basis for a successful through the Public Broadcasting Service documentary called Rachel and Andrew Jackson: A Love Story.Heston Jackson played in the 1958 version of The Buccaneer, a film about the role of the pirate Jean Lafitte in the Battle of New Orleans. Hugh Sothern played Jackson in the original 1938 version of film.Au during the administration of Jackson, the U.S. government, for the first time, free dette.Lors the election in 1828 his opponents called him a “jackass”. Jackson liked the name and used the donkey as a symbol for a while, but it ‘s dead. However, it later became the symbol of the Democratic Party. Andrew Jackson was told (probably unfounded) the creator of the term to be “OK”, which came into cash at the end of his life. There should be an abbreviation for “Oll Korrect” (a humorous or illiterate spelling “all right”), he may also have known the word similar to Choctaw. See Okay.Andrew Jackson was the first president to be born in a log cabin. It was also the first president to ride a railroad train at mandat.Andrew Jackson had learned a parrot named Poll, who speak English and Spanish. Survey would need from the funeral of Michael Jackson to be removed because the bird was cursed in both historians langues.Blanche house claiming that Jackson was a party held in an open house, where a £ 1400 (635 kg) wheel of cheese cheddar served as refreshment. The cheese was consumed in two hours.